The Journey to the West, Revised Edition, Volume 3
Anthony C. Yu is the Carl Darling Buck Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Humanities and Professor Emeritus of Religion and Literature in the Divinity School; also in the Departments of Comparative Literature, East Asian Languages and Civilizations, and English Language and Literature, and the Committee on Social Thought. His scholarly work focuses on comparative study of both literary and religious traditions.
Publication of this volume was made possible by a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange (USA).
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
© 2012 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 2012.
Printed in the United States of America
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ISBN-13: 978-0-226-97136-0 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-97137-7 (paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-97142-1 (e-book)
ISBN-10: 0-226-97136-8 (cloth)
ISBN-10: 0-226-97137-6 (paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wu, Cheng'en, ca. 1500–ca. 1582, author.
[Xi you ji. English. 2012]
The journey to the West / translated and edited by Anthony C. Yu. — Revised edition.
pages ; cm
Summary: The story of Xuanzang, the monk who went from China to India in quest of Buddhist scriptures.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-0-226-97131-5 (v. 1: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97131-7 (v. 1.: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97132-2 (v. 1 : pbk. : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97132-5 (v. 1 : pbk. : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97140-7 (v. 1 : e-book) (print) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97133-9 (v. 2: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97133-3 (v. 2 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97134-6 (v. 2 : paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97134-1 (v. 2 : paperback: alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97141-4 (v. 2 : e-book) (print) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97136-0 (v. 3: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97136-8 (v. 3 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97137-7 (v. 3 : paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97137-6 (v. 3 :paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97142-1 (v. 3 : e-book) (print) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97138-4 (v. 4 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97138-4 (v. 4 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97139-1 (v. 4 : paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97143-8 (v. 4 : e-book) 1. Xuanzang, ca. 596–664—Fiction. I. Yu, Anthony C., 1938–, translator, editor. II. Title.
PL2697.H75E5 2012
895.1'346—dc23
2012002836
This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
REVISED EDITION Volume III
The Journey to the West
Translated and Edited by Anthony C. Yu
The University of Chicago Press
Chicago & London
FOR Elder Olson
and
In memoriam James Saft
Contents
Acknowledgments, Revised Edition
Acknowledgments, First Edition
Abbreviations
51. Mind Monkey in vain uses a thousand tricks;
Futile water and fire makes it hard to smelt demons.
52. Wukong greatly disturbed the Golden Helmet Cave;
Tathāgata reveals in secret the true master.
53. Imbibing, the Chan Lord conceives a ghostly child;
Yellow Dame brings water to end the weird fetus.
54. Dharma-nature, going west, reaches the Women State;
Mind Monkey makes a plan to flee the fair sex.
55. Deviant form makes lustful play for Tripitaka Tang;
Upright nature safeguards the untainted self.
56. Wild Spirit slays brutish bandits;
Wayward Way sets loose Mind Monkey.
57. True Pilgrim lays bare his woes at Mount Potalaka;
False Monkey King transcribes texts at Water-Curtain Cave.
58. Two Minds cause disorder in the great cosmos;
It’s hard for one body to realize true Nirvāṇa.
59. Tripitaka Tang’s path is blocked at Mountain of Flames;
Pilgrim Sun baits for the first time the palm-leaf fan.
60. Bull Demon King stops fighting to attend a lavish feast;
Pilgrim Sun baits for the second time the palm-leaf fan.
61. Zhu Eight Rules assists in defeating the demon king;
Pilgrim Sun baits for the third time the palm-leaf fan.
62. To wash off filth, to bathe the mind, just sweep a pagoda;
To bind demons and return to the lord is self-cultivation.
63. Two monks, quelling fiends, disturb the dragon palace;
The sages, destroying deviates, acquire the treasures.
64. At Bramble Ridge Wuneng exerted great effort;
At Shrine of Sylvan Immortals Tripitaka discusses poetry .
65. Fiends set up falsely the Small Thunderclap;
The four pilgrims all meet a great ordeal.
66. Many gods meet injury;
Maitreya binds a fiend.
67. Having rescued Tuoluo, Chan Nature is secure;
Escaping filthiness, the Mind of Dao is pure.
68. At Scarlet-Purple Kingdom the Tang Monk speaks of past eras;
Pilgrim Sun performs on an arm broken in three places.
69. At night the Lord of the Mind refines medicines;
At a banquet the king speaks of the perverse fiend.
70. The monstrous demon’s treasures release smoke, sand, and fire;
Wukong by stratagem steals the purple-gold bells.
71. By a false name Pilgrim defeats the fiendish wolf;
In epiphany Guanyin subdues the monster-king.
72. At Cobweb Cave Seven Passions delude the Origin;
At Purgation Spring Eight Rules forgets all manners.
73. Passions, because of old enmity, beget calamity;
Demon-trapped, the Mind Lord with luck breaks the light.
74. Long Life reports how vicious the demons are;
Pilgrim displays his transformation power.
75. Mind Monkey drills through the yin-yang body;
Demon lords return to the true great Way.
Notes
Index
Acknowledgments, Revised Edition
My thanks are due the Mellon Foundation for the generous extension of administering my grant support for one more year, which has enabled me to finish this volume of revision. I express my gratitude as well to Dr. Yuan Zhou, Curator of our East Asian Library, and his able staff for continual assistance in research and acquisition of needed materials far and near, and to the Center for East Asian Studies, the University of Chicago, for its faithful support.
Acknowledgments, First Edition
Without the timely assistance provided by the Division of Research Grants, the National Endowment for the Humanities, I would not have been able to complete this volume so quickly. I am most grateful to Deans Joseph Kitagawa (The Divinity School) and Karl J. Weintraub (Humanities) for enabling me to take full advantage of this grant, and to Tetsuo Najita (Center for Far Eastern Studies) for continual support. As in the past, Ma Tai-loi and Susan Fogelson gave me invaluable help in research and in the preparation of the manuscript. The entire volume has benefited enormously from a careful reading by Y. W. Ma (Hawaii), though I alone am responsible for the final version of the translation.
Abbreviations
Antecedents Glen Dudbridge, The “Hsi-yuchi”: A Stu
dy of Antecedents to the Sixteenth-Century Chinese Novel (Cambridge, 1970)
Bodde Derk Bodde, Festivals in Classical China (Princeton and Hong Kong, 1975)
BPZ Baopuzi , Neipian and Waipian. SBBY
BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
Campany Robert Ford Campany, To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong’s “Traditions of Divine Transcendents” (Berkeley, 2002)
CATCL The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. Victor Mair (New York, 1994)
CHC The Cambridge History of China, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank (15 vols. in multiple book-length parts. Cambridge and New York, 1978–2009)
CHCL The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, ed. Victor Mair (New York, 2001)
CJ Anthony C. Yu, Comparative Journeys: Essays on Literature and Religion East and West (New York, 2008)
CLEAR Chinese Literature: Essays Articles Reviews
CQ China Quarterly
DH Daoism Handbook, ed. Livia Kohn (Leiden, 2000)
DHBWJ Dunhuang bianwenji , ed. Wang Zhongmin (2 vols., Beijing, 1957)
DJDCD Daojiao da cidian , ed. Li Shuhuan (Taipei, 1981)
DJWHCD Daojiao wenhua cidian , ed. Zhang Zhizhe (Shanghai, 1994)
DZ Zhengtong Daozang (36 vols. Reprinted by Wenwu, 1988). Second set of numbers in JW citations refers to volume and page number.
ET The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio (2 vols., London and New York, 2008)
FSZ Da Tang Da Ci’ensi Sanzang fashi zhuan , comp. Huili and Yancong . T 50, #2053. Text cited is that printed in SZZSHB.
1592 Xinke chuxiang guanban dazi Xiyouji , ed. Huayang dongtian zhuren . Fasc. rpr. of Jinling Shidetang edition (1592) in Guben xiaoshuo jicheng , vols. 499–502 (Shanghai, 1990)
FXDCD Foxue da cidian , comp. and ed., Ding Fubao (fasc. rpr. of 1922 ed. Beijing, 1988)
HFTWJ Liu Ts’un-yan [Cunren] , Hefengtang wenji (3 vols., Shanghai, 1991)
HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
HR History of Religions
Herrmann Albert Hermann, An Historical Atlas of China, new ed. (Chicago, 1966)
Hu Shi (1923) Hu Shi , “Xiyouji kaozheng ,” in Hu Shi wencun (4 vols., Hong Kong, 1962), 2: 354–99
Hucker Charles O. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (Stanford, 1985)
IC The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. and comp. William H. Nienhauser Jr. (Bloomington, IN, 1986)
Isobe Isobe Akira , Saiyūki keiseishi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1993)
j juan
JA Journal asiatique
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
JAS Journal of Asian Studies
JCR Journal of Chinese Religions
JMDJCD Jianming Daojiao cidian , comp. and ed., Huang Haide et al., (Chengdu, 1991)
JW The Journey to the West (Refers only to the four-volume translation of Xiyouji by Anthony C. Yu published by the University of Chicago Press, 1977–1983, of which the present volume is the third of four in a complete revised edition.)
Lévy André Lévy, trad., Wu Cheng’en, La Pérégrination vers l’Ouest, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (2 vols., Paris, 1991)
Li Li Angang Piping Xiyouji (2 vols., Beijing, 2004)
Little Stephen Little with Shawn Eichman, Daoism and the Arts of China (Art Institute of Chicago, in association with University of California Press, 2000)
LSYYJK Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo jikan
LWJ “Xiyouji” yanjiu lunwenji (Beijing, 1957)
MDHYCH Gu Zhichuan , Mingdai Hanyu cihui yanjiu (Kaifeng, Henan, 2000)
Monkey Monkey: Folk Novel of China by Wu Ch’eng-en, trans. Arthur Waley (London, 1943)
Ōta Ōta Tatsuo , Saiyūki no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1984)
Plaks Andrew H. Plaks, The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel (Princeton, 1987)
Porkert Manfred Porkert, The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine: Systems of Correspondence (Cambridge, MA, 1974)
QSC Quan Songci , ed. Tang Guizhang (5 vols., 1965; rpr. Tainan, 1975)
QTS Quan Tangshi (12 vols., 1966; rpr. Tainan, 1974)
Saiyūki Saiyūki , trans. Ōta Tatsuo and Torii Hisayasu . Chūgoku koten bungaku taikei , 31–32 (2 vols., Tokyo, 1971)
SBBY Sibu beiyao
SBCK Sibu congkan
SCC Joseph Needham et al., Science and Civilisation in China (7 vols. in 27 book-length parts. Cambridge, 1954)
Schafer Edward H. Schafer, Pacing the Void: T’ang Approaches to the Stars (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1977)
SCTH Sancai tuhui (1609 edition)
Soothill A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, comp. William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodus (rpr. 1934 ed. by London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. Taipei, 1970)
SSJZS Shisanjing zhushu (2 vols., Beijing, 1977)
SZZSHB Tang Xuanzang Sanzang zhuanshi huibian , ed. Master Guangzhong (Taipei, 1988)
T Taishō shinshū dai-zōkyō , eds. Takakusu Junijirō and Watanabe Kaikyoku (85 vols., Tokyo, 1934)
TC The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the “Daozang”, eds. Kristofer Schipper and Franciscus Verellen (3 vols., Chicago, 2004)
TP T’oung Pao
TPGJ Taiping guangji , comp. and ed. Li Fang (5 vols., rpr. Tainan, 1975)
TPYL Taiping yulan comp. and ed. Li Fang (4 vols., Beijing, 1960)
Unschuld Paul U. Unschuld, trans. and annotated, Nan-Ching: The Classic of Difficult Issues (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986)
Veith Ilza Veith, trans., The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, new ed. (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1972)
WCESWJ Wu Cheng’en shiwenji , ed. Liu Xiuye (Shanghai, 1958).
XMGZ Xingming guizhi , authorship attributed to an advanced student of one Yin Zhenren , in Zangwai Daoshu (36 vols., Chengdu, 1992–1994), 9: 506–95. For JW, I also consult a modern critical edition published in Taipei, 2005, with a comprehensive and learned set of annotations by Fu Fengying . The citation from this particular edition will be denominated as XMGZ-Taipei.
XYJ Wu Cheng’en , Xiyouji (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 1954). Abbreviation refers only to this edition.
XYJCD Xiyouji cidian , comp. and ed. Zeng Shangyan (Zhengzhou, Henan, 1994)
XYJTY Zheng Mingli , Xiyouji tanyuan (2 vols., 1982; rpr. Taipei, 2003)
XYJYJZL Xiyouji yanjiu zhiliao , ed. Liu Yinbo (Shanghai, 1982)
XYJZLHB “Xiyouji” zhiliao huibian (Zhongzhou, Henan, 1983)
YYZZ Youyang zazu (SBCK edition)
ZYZ Zhongyao zhi (4 vols., Beijing, 1959–1961).
Yang Yang Fengshi , Zhongguo zhengtong Daojiao da cidian (2 vols., Taipei, 1989–1992)
Yü Chün-fang Yü, Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara (New York, 2001)
ZHDJDCD Zhonghua Daojiao da cidian , ed. Hu Fuchen et al. (Beijing, 1995)
Zhou Zhou Wei , Zhongguo bingqishi gao (Beijing, 1957)
Citations from all Standard Histories, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Kaiming edition of Ershiwushi (9 vols., 1934; rpr. Taipei, 1959). Citations of text with traditional or simplified characters follow format of publications consulted.
FIFTY-ONE
Mind Monkey in vain uses a thousand tricks;
Futile water and fire makes it hard to smelt demons.
We were telling you about the Great Sage, Equal to Heaven, who fled in defeat, empty-handed. He went to the back of the Golden Helmet Mountain, and as he sat down, big drops of tears fell from his eyes. “O Master!” he cried. “I had hopes that you and I,
Since Buddha’s grace had both kindness and peace,
Would find same youth, same life, as my lasting wish:
To live, to work, to seek the same release,
With same will, same mercy to show our spirits’ fruit;
To reason and think the same, our minds truly one;
To know and behold the same open way.
I knew not I would lose the s
taff of my will.1
How could I prosper with empty hands and feet?”
After lamenting like this for a long time, the Great Sage thought to himself, “That monster-spirit recognized me! When we were fighting just now, I remember him paying me the compliment: ‘Truly someone worthy to cause havoc in Heaven!’ Judging from this, I can’t imagine that he is a fiend of this mortal world; he has to be some evil star of Heaven who descended to Earth out of longing for the world. I wonder what sort of demon he really is and where he dropped down from. I’ll have to go to the Region Above to make an investigation.”
Thus it was that Pilgrim, using the mind to question the mind, deliberated with himself and thereby gained control of himself. Leaping up, he mounted the auspicious cloud and went straight before the South Heaven Gate. As he raised his head, he was suddenly met by the Devarāja Virūpākṣa, who bowed low and said to him, “Where is the Great Sage going?” “I must have an audience with the Jade Emperor,” said Pilgrim. “What are you doing here?” Virūpāka said, “Today it’s my turn to patrol the South Heaven Gate.” Hardly had he finished speaking when Ma, Zhao, Wen, and Guan, the four grand marshals, all appeared and greeted Pilgrim, saying, “Great Sage, we are sorry that we have not come to meet you. Please have some tea with us.” “But I’m busy,” said Pilgrim, whereupon he took leave of Virūpākṣa and the four grand marshals and went inside the South Heaven Gate. When he arrived before the Hall of Divine Mists, he ran into Zhang Daoling, Immortal Ge, Xu Jingyang, Qiu Hongzhi, the six officers of the Southern Dipper, and the seven heads of the Northern Dipper. Meeting Pilgrim before the hall, they all raised their heads to greet him, saying, “Why has the Great Sage come here?” Immediately thereafter, they asked again, “Have you perfected the merit of accompanying the Tang Monk?” “It’s still too early! It’s still too early!” said Pilgrim. “With so large a distance and so many demons, we have managed to accomplish only half the merit. Right now we are stranded in the Golden Helmet Cave of the Golden Helmet Mountain, where a bovine monster has Master Tang captured in the cave. Old Monkey found the way to his door and fought with him, but that fellow had such vast magic powers that he managed to rob old Monkey of his golden-hooped rod. That’s why it is so difficult to arrest that demon king. I suspect that he has to be some evil star from the Region Above who has descended to Earth out of longing for the world, but I really don’t know what sort of demon he is or where he comes from. For this reason old Monkey came to seek the Jade Emperor and to charge him with the offense of not keeping his household under control.” “This ape head,” chuckled Xu Jingyang, “is still so mischievous!” “I’m not being mischievous,” said Pilgrim. “It’s just that old Monkey has been inquisitive all his life, and that’s how he finds things out.” “No need to talk further,” said Zhang Daoling, “let’s announce his arrival for him.” “Thank you! Thank you!” said Pilgrim.