Dark Valley Destiny
Dark Valley Destiny: The Life of Robert E. Howard
L. Sprague de Camp
Copyright © 1961, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1971, 1973, 1975, and 1976 by L. Sprague de Camp
Copyright © 1983 by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp
Jacket art and endpaper art {collector's edition only) by Kevin
Eugene Johnson Book design by Francesca Belanger
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the express written permission of the Publisher, except where permitted by law. For information, contact Bluejay Books Inc., 130 West Forty-second Street, New York, New York 10036.
Manufactured in the United States of America First Bluejay printing: December 1983
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
De Camp, L. Sprague (Lyon Sprague), 1907-
Dark Valley Destiny.
Bibliography: p. Includes index.
1. Howard, Robert Ervin, 1906-1936—Biography. 2. Authors, American—20th century—Biography. I. De Camp, Catherine Crook. II. Griffin, Jane Whittington.
III. Title.
PS3515.0842Z62 1983 813'.52 [B] 83-15635
ISBN 0-312-94074-2 ISBN 0-312-94075-0 (lim. ed.)
Dedication
To Jack Scott, distinguished newsman and civic leader of Cross Plains, and to all Texans who, in one way or another, remember Robert Howard.
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
I. DREAMER AND DREAM 5
II. DESTINY'S CHILD 18
III. DARK VALLEY LORD 36
IV. BOY NOMAD 53
V. THE REALM OF THE X-TRIPLE-BAR 70
VI. THE VIOLENT LAND 98
VII. BARBARIAN IN A BOOM TOWN 124
VIII. APPRENTICE PULPSTER 171
IX. SINGER IN THE SHADOWS 214 X. SERPENTS, SWORDS, AND SUPERMEN 245
XI. THE TRANSCENDENT BARBARIAN 262
XII. LOVE AND THE LONER 296
XIII. FAITHFUL IN HIS FASHION 327
XIV. DARK VALLEY DESTINY 355
Notes 369
Bibliography 383
Index 391
Introduction
For over thirty years, Sprague and I have been fascinated by the Conan stories written by Robert E. Howard in the early 1930s. Sprague gathered them, edited them, and searched for a paperback book publisher willing to bring them out; for in 1951 Howard and his fictional character Conan of Cimmeria were known to only a very small group of admirers. In the ensuing years, Sprague—with his colleagues Lin Carter, Bjorn Nyberg, and, more recently, with me—has added many new tales to the saga of the great barbarian. Sprague kept the name of Conan before the public; and, with the help of Glenn Lord, a man Sprague recommended as literary agent for the Howard heirs, made Conan a household word among readers and comic-book fans.
As our interest in the great barbarian grew, we found ourselves increasingly intrigued by the Texas writer from whose teeming brain Conan and other heroic characters emerged. Although no one had ever written a book-length biography of Robert Howard or done much to assay his work, we hesitated to undertake the task, since we knew little about life in Texas during the first third of the present century. We knew even less about the boy who grew up to create, almost single-handedly, the subgenre of American fiction that is now called "heroic fantasy."
One evening—it was November 17, 1976—when Lin Carter was in Philadelphia to help Sprague plot a new Conan story, I asked Dr. Jane Whittington Griffin, a witty and charming woman friend, to make a fourth at dinner. At the close of the meal, Sprague and Lin went off to the study to get on with their work. I was embarrassed by the speed of their departure and explained somewhat lamely to our guest everything that I knew about Conan, his Cross Plains creator, and the two ladies who had become the Howard heirs. At the mention of the name Kuyken-dall, Jane exclaimed: "I went to college with a girl named Alia Ray Kuykendall. She lives just a few miles beyond Eastland."
I called to the men, who, abandoning their plotting, hastened down to the living room. We spent the entire evening discovering that Jane grew up in Eastland, Texas, at about the same time that Robert Ervin Howard was growing up in Cross Plains, some thirty miles away. Jane knew the land, the history of the region, and many of the people who had had contacts with the Howard family. Moreover, through her work in child development, a subject that she taught to graduate students at the University of Pennsylvania, Jane could reconstruct a great deal about the early life of a Texan child brought up in an environment not far removed from pioneer days.
Assured of Jane's help with the early chapters of Howard's life, we decided to bring the tragic story of Robert Howard to all who admire the man and his creations. Thus was born the project that has occupied much of our time and energy for over five years.
We have made five research trips to Texas, and we have interviewed nearly every living person who remembers the neglected genius of Cross Plains. Many are the adventures we have had during these extended research trips. On one we took Jane, who had emphysema and required a supply of oxygen at all times. Only later did we learn that, had we hit a pothole or another car, the two huge cylinders of oxygen on which I planted firm feet would have exploded and blown us all into another county.
By the merest good fortune, we located the cut in the low hills that goes by the name of Dark Valley. We had stopped to ask a shopkeeper if he knew where Dark Valley was. The man told us that his father, Mr. J. C. McClure, was the local historian and that he would be glad to show us around. Mr. McClure owned the very ground on which stands the small house in which the senior Howards, as bride and groom, made their first home. Because of Jane's Texas drawl and her knowledge of the local families, we were graciously received by people who might otherwise have been reluctant to entertain us.
Jane Whittington Griffin passed away on November 9, 1979, but by that time she had shared with us her insights into Howard's formative years. She greatly increased our knowledge of the flora, the customs, and the way of life of Texans at the turn of the century. Most of all, she gave us the courage to go on with a subject whose magnitude escaped us until we were so deeply involved that we could not dream of turning back.
Many other people have lent us a welcome hand in bringing this project to fruition, among them Glenn Lord, who supplied us with information and gave us permission to use quotations from Howard's works. We wish to thank for their kindness in granting us interviews: Jack Scott, a former mayor of Cross Plains, who was a young reporter in Howard's day and who has most kindly agreed to read and criticize this manuscript; Miss Kate Merryman, also of Cross Plains, who helped to nurse Mrs. Howard through her last illness; and Mrs. Novalyne Price Ellis, who was Howard's close friend during the last two years of his life.
E. Hoffmann Price, no relation of Mrs. Ellis, contributed the rare insights into Howard's personality that only a writer of his stature could make; and Dr. Charlotte Laughlin, a professor at Howard Payne University in Brownwood, gave generously of her time in doing essential research.
Other people, either through correspondence or by means of interviews, contributed enormously in rounding out this picture of the Howard family and the world in which they lived. Among them are: Mrs. Fanny McClung Anderson, Jonathan Bacon, Earl J. Baker, Robert Baker, E. Wayne Barlow, Mrs. Lorene Bishop, John Bloom, Miss Paula Bond, Hyman Bradofsky, Mrs. Ruth Baum Browning, Elliot and Zora May Bryant, Garry Burg, LeeRoy and Floyce Butler, Sam Buzbee, Gray Cassidy, Norris R. Chambers, J. H. Childs, Mrs. A. L. Conlee, Mrs. Jocelyn Darling, Mrs. Annie Newton Davis, Mrs. Ollie Lorene Davis, Raymond De Busk, Peter Beresford Ellis, Steve Eng, and Wil
liam Fulwiler.
Also Kenneth Franklin, Mrs. Lois Garrett, T. H. Frazzetta, Mrs. Mary Robertson Genstey, Alfred Gechter, Wallace C. Howard, Truman Howard, Rev. Toby Irwin, Sherwood B. Idso, Mrs. Alma Baker King, Robert S. Latona, Billy Lee, Richard Lupoff, Mrs. Birdie L. Martin, Mrs. Irene Shults Mayfield, John D. McClure, Mrs. Gladys Doyel McNabb, Frank D. McSherry, Jr., L. L. and Deoma Morgan, Mrs. Alia Ray Morris,
Sam Moskowitz, Miss Dorothy A. Murray, Austin Newton, Howard 0. Newton, Mrs. Vera Baker Nichols, Mrs. Nathan Oliver, Mrs. Patricia Neeb Peterson, Ervin Polishuk, Harold Preece, Phillip Sawyer, Robert Stevens, H. L. Somerville, Mrs. Johnnie Newton Stone, Miss Dolores Tanner, Gomer Thomas, Frank Thurston Torbett, Truett Vinson, Tom R. and Urla Wilson, Mrs. D. K. Woolridge, Mrs. Alice Younglove, and several others who prefer to remain anonymous.
Catherine Crook de Camp Villanova, Pennsylvania June 30, 1983
I. DREAMER AND DREAM
Drums of glory are lost in the ages, Bare feet fail on a broken trail— Let my name fade from the printed pages; Dreams and visions are growing pale. Twilight gathers and none can save me. Well and well, for I would not stay. . . -1
Early on the morning of Thursday, June 11, 1936, Robert Ervin2 Howard, successful young pulp-writer and creator of Conan, the mighty barbarian hero, arose from his vigil at his mother's bedside. His gaze may have strayed beyond the open window and across the dried grasses of the yard to the picket fence that separated his house from the Butler place next door.
Although it was only a little past seven, the morning was already blazing hot; and the sun, hanging above the eastern horizon, promised another day of dry winds and unrelenting heat. Nothing stirred. Cross Plains was a hound dog lying in the sun, panting beneath its rib cage, totally unconcerned with Howard's observation.
Cross Plains had troubles enough, without bestirring itself over those of the young man about whom the townsfolk knew little and cared less. "Time," one of the inhabitants has said, "seems to have passed Cross Plains by."3 The oil boom of the 1920s, with its excitement and prosperity, had given way to the Great Depression. The shallow oil wells had largely petered out, and the boom people had all moved away. With them the rains had departed, too, and a drouth had set in. In a country given to long dry spells and uncertain rainfall, so prolonged a drouth had been beyond the memory of even the oldest inhabitants.
In those life-threatening days, only the buzzards had thrived. On the ranges, cattle died of thirst and starvation, sometimes with their bodies bloated from the prickly-pear cactus on which they had fed as a last resort. To prevent their suffering, humane ranchers slaughtered their calves and gave their veal away. Many a family made it through the years of the Depression on potted meats and canned chili put up by enterprising women in the farming community. Hanging on barbed-wire fences along the roads for miles in all directions, hides from slaughtered cattle were being cured in the sun. Better curing hides than maggot-swarming bodies of dead animals lying in the pastures.
The land does not readily recover from such years of deprivation. Although the 1936 spring rains once more filled the lake, set the creek back on its course, and greened the prairie, the thirsty West Texas land and its people still bore marks of their ordeal. And again June was hot and dry.
It had been a long night. Robert Howard may have rubbed eyes weary from their constant vigil before he once more turned his gaze to the darkened room. There on her bed his mother lay comatose, her large frame wasted by tuberculosis, probably complicated by cancer, her fine mind dimmed by uremia. For the past few days, she had recognized no one.
Miss Merryman, the housekeeping nurse who had shared the watch with Robert, had already left for home. He turned to her replacement, Mrs. Green, and repeated the question that he had asked his father the night before: "Will she ever be conscious again?"
The answer was the same. The nurse whispered gently, "No, I'm afraid not."4
Faced with the loss of the one person who gave stability to his existence, Robert Howard left his mother's room and went to his study, where his battered Underwood Number 5 stood on his generous writing table. Dropping into the chair before it, he inserted a sheet of paper and typed:
All fled—all done, so lift me on the pyre;
The feast is over and the lamps expire.5
Then he strode down the narrow hall, without a word to the recently-hired cook, who was moving about the kitchen, preparing breakfast. He went out the back door, never glancing up at the unpretentious white clapboard house where his father, Dr. Isaac Mordecai Howard, and his guest, Dr. J. D. Dill, were lingering over their coffee. Watching Robert climb into his dusty 1931 Chevrolet sedan, parked beside the fence on the west side of the house, the cook was not alarmed. She assumed that he was about to drive uptown to get the morning mail as he had done hundreds of times before. She turned away as he rolled up the window.
Lifting from the glove compartment a borrowed Colt .380 automatic, Robert Howard thumbed the safety catch. He must have thought about what Dr. Dill had told him the day before. He had sought out Dr. Dill, a family friend who had come from nearby Rising Star to be with the Howards during their ordeal, and asked if anyone had ever been known to live after b«ing shot through the brain. The old doctor had reflected awhile and then replied that there were cases on record where people had survived a shot through the forebrain but none where the bullet had gone through both the front and back parts of the brain.
Sitting there in his car at about eight in the morning, Robert Ervin Howard took careful aim and shot himself through the head. Thus he was spared the pain of knowing about his mother's death, just as she, by her coma, was spared the pain of knowing about his. At four that afternoon, about the time the water wagon passed the house to sprinkle down the dusty road, he died without regaining consciousness.
Hester Howard lingered throughout the following day. She did not hear the local shower that afternoon as, pattering across the roof, it beat a brief tattoo to mourn young Robert's passing. At half past ten, in the cool, sweet-scented night, Mrs. Howard died.
Mother and son were buried on Sunday, June 14, 1936, at the Greenleaf Memorial Cemetery in Brownwood, forty miles away, after a double funeral service at the Baptist Tabernacle in Cross Plains.6 Their raw graves were watered that afternoon by the only rain that fell on Brownwood during the entire month of June. In West Texas there is a saying that anything transplanted on a rainy day is bound to thrive.
Although this account of Robert E. Howard's death and rebirth may seem melodramatic, it merely reflects his own style. In a letter, Howard acknowledged a melodramatic tendency in himself that was shared by Texans of the old original stock. He considered the cases of certain notorious gunmen, such as Bob Ollinger, Bat Masterson, and Henry Plummer, men who were no less deadly because they were given to melodramatic gestures. Of Ben Thompson in particular he said that the man's whole life was a dramatic invention—pure melodrama until the day he was shot down in a theater in San Antonio.7
Howard told his friend H. P. Lovecraft that he would be the last to deny this tendency in himself, but that it would be a mistake to suppose melodrama negates the seriousness of a man's intent. There is no certainty that a South westerner is bluffing just because he dramatizes himself. Many people have learned too late that a bully is not always a coward, and a braggart may indeed make good his boasts.
By his death, Robert Howard proclaimed himself to be a man of his word, a man to be taken seriously. Everyone in town would see that he was not a harmless freak who shadowboxed in the street, who told whopping tales, and who wrote outrageous stories for weird magazines.
By his death, moreover, Howard found the acceptance that he had sorely missed among the townspeople of Cross Plains. Death rejects no one, good or bad, superior or ordinary, young or old, rich or poor. Until he gave himself to Death, no one, except perhaps his mother and his dog, had ever thought he amounted to much or had seemed to care whether he did or not.
By his death, Howard became his own protector
. No longer restrained by his regard for his mother or supported by her awareness of his needs, he faced the violence in his own nature. Just as his mother had protected him from the violence of schoolyard bullies, so now he must protect himself from the bullying of his own terrors and impulses. He must confront his fury in the dark valley in which he walked, for she would not be there to protect him as she had during his infancy in that real Dark Valley of Palo Pinto County. If he found the task too much to encompass, he had better do the gentlemanly thing and die. According to his lights, he died like a gentleman; for he turned on himself and on no other the fury and the violence that are so clearly reflected in his behavior, his poetry, and his stories.
Howard once poignantly described a painting entitled The Stoic, in which an Indian is seen going about his tasks, scourged by his own hand in response to his grief at the death of his son.8 This harsh model of the indomitable Indian seemed to be Howard's ideal. He admired a man's ability to keep slugging through, sustained only by stubbornness and pride, when his very world seemed turned against him. A man had dignity, at least, if he stayed on his feet and held his head up. Unable to live up to this superhuman standard, Robert Howard was bound to have a poor self-image and to face an impossible choice.
Dr. Howard later said that Robert was unbalanced by his grief; yet the doctor was well aware that his son's death was a premeditated act. He knew that Robert had been thinking about suicide and death for a long time. When Robert put his affairs in order and informed his father of his wishes for the disposition of his small property, Dr. Howard tried to dissuade him from the act.
Still, the troubled father appeared to be almost resigned to his son's decision. When, on the day before he died, Robert went to Brownwood and made funeral arrangements and then, returning to his room, spent the evening sorting out his papers, Dr. Howard seemed curiously detached. Perhaps he found his son's agitation difficult to grasp, or perhaps he was weary of futile persuasion.