The Journey to the West, Revised Edition, Volume 4 Read online

  Anthony C. Yu is the Carl Darling Buck Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus in the Humanities and Professor Emeritus of Religion and Literature in the Divinity School; also in the Departments of Comparative Literature, East Asian Languages and Civilizations, and English Language and Literature, and the Committee on Social Thought. His scholarly work focuses on comparative study of both literary and religious traditions.

  Publication of this volume was made possible by a grant from the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation for International Scholarly Exchange (USA).

  The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637

  The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London

  © 2012 by The University of Chicago

  All rights reserved. Published 2012.

  Printed in the United States of America

  21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5

  ISBN-13: 978-0-226-97138-4 (cloth)

  ISBN-13: 978-0-226-97139-1 (paper)

  ISBN-13: 978-0-226-97143-8 (e-book)

  ISBN-10: 0-226-97138-4 (cloth)

  ISBN-10: 0-226-97139-2 (paper)

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Wu, Cheng'en, ca. 1500–ca. 1582, author.

  [Xi you ji. English. 2012]

  The journey to the West / translated and edited by Anthony C. Yu. — Revised edition.

  pages ; cm

  Summary: The story of Xuanzang, the monk who went from China to India in quest of Buddhist scriptures.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN: 978-0-226-97131-5 (v. 1: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97131-7 (v. 1.: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97132-2 (v. 1 : pbk. : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97132-5 (v. 1 : pbk. : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97140-7 (v. 1 : e-book) (print) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97133-9 (v. 2: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97133-3 (v. 2 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97134-6 (v. 2 : paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97134-1 (v. 2 : paperback: alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97141-4 (v. 2 : e-book) (print) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97136-0 (v. 3: cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97136-8 (v. 3 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97137-7 (v. 3 : paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97137-6 (v. 3 :paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97142-1 (v. 3 : e-book) (print) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97138-4 (v. 4 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 0-226-97138-4 (v. 4 : cloth : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97139-1 (v. 4 : paperback : alkaline paper) — ISBN: 978-0-226-97143-8 (v. 4 : e-book) 1. Xuanzang, ca. 596–664—Fiction. I. Yu, Anthony C., 1938–, translator, editor. II. Title.

  PL2697.H75E5 2012

  895.1'346—dc23

  2012002836

  This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

  REVISED EDITION Volume IV

  The Journey to the West

  Translated and Edited by Anthony C. Yu

  The University of Chicago Press

  Chicago & London

  FOR Joseph M. Kitagawa

  and

  In Memoriam Yu Yun

  Contents

  Acknowledgments, Revised Edition

  Acknowledgments, First Edition

  Abbreviations

  76. Mind-Spirit dwells at home, and demons revert to nature;

  Wood Mother together subdues the fiend’s true self.

  77. A horde of demons affront native Nature;

  The One Body bows to True Suchness.

  78. At Bhikṣu he pities the infants and summons the night gods;

  In the golden hall he knows the demon speaking on the way and virtue.

  79. Searching the cave for the fiend he meets Long Life;

  The proper lord of the court sees the babies.

  80. The fair girl, nursing the yang, seeks a mate;

  Mind Monkey, guarding his master, knows a monster.

  81. At Sea-Pacifying Monastery Mind Monkey knows the fiend;

  In the black pine forest three pupils search for their master.

  82. The fair girl seeks the yang;

  Primal spirit guards the Way.

  83. Mind Monkey knows the elixir source;

  Fair girl returns to her true nature.

  84. “Priests are hard to destroy” completes great awakening;

  The Dharma-king attains the right, his body’s naturalized.

  85. Mind Monkey envies Wood Mother;

  The demon lord plots to devour Chan.

  86. Wood Mother, lending power, conquers the fiendish creature;

  Metal Squire, using his magic, extirpates the deviates.

  87. The Phoenix-Immortal Prefecture offends Heaven and suffers drought;

  The Great Sage Sun advocates virtue and provides rain.

  88. Reaching Jade-Flower, Chan convenes an assembly;

  Mind Monkey, Wood, and Earth instruct disciples.

  89. The yellow lion-spirit in vain gives the Muckrake Feast;

  Gold, Wood, and Earth disturb with a scheme Mount Leopard’s-Head.

  90. Masters and lions, teachers and pupils, all return to the One;

  Thieves and the Dao, snares and Buddhism, quiet Ninefold-Numina.

  91. At Gold-Level Prefecture they watch lanterns on the fifteenth night;

  In Mysterious Flower Cave the Tang Monk makes a deposition.

  92. Three priests fight fiercely at Green Dragon Mountain;

  Four Stars help to capture rhinoceros fiends.

  93. At Jetavana Park he asks the aged about the cause;

  At the Kingdom of India he sees the king and meets his mate.

  94. Four priests are feted at the royal garden;

  One fiend vainly longs for sensual joys.

  95. Falsely assuming true form, the jade hare’s caught;

  True Yin returns to the right to join Numinous Source.

  96. Squire Kou gladly receives a noble priest;

  The elder Tang does not covet riches.

  97. Gold-dispensing external aid meets demonic harm;

  The sage reveals his soul to bring restoration.

  98. Only when ape and horse are tamed will shells be cast;

  With merit and work perfected, they see the Real.

  99. Nine times nine ends the count and Māra’s all destroyed;

  The work of three times three done, the Dao reverts to its root.

  100. They return to the Land of the East;

  Five sages become perfected.

  Notes

  Index

  Acknowledgments, Revised Edition

  At this point of closure for some six years of sustained labor, I must repeat my thanks to the Mellon Foundation not merely for the award of an Emeriti Fellowship, but also for the wisdom to extend without cost the period of its tenure. The generous allowance of time enabled me to carry out all the necessary steps in research and rewriting. To be able to attempt a complete overhaul of a major publication after almost three decades is a privilege granted only to a small number of workers in the academy, and I acknowledge such boon with wonder and humility. I’d be foolish, however, to think that I’ve managed to get every phrase and sentence right, for translation that is a calculated—and often, compromised—exchange of linguistic signs brooks no state of final perfection. I can only try for a second time to share more of what I have learned from a text that has stayed with me all my life.

  The engagement and completion of so large and complex a project is not possible without the resourceful assistance from the staff of our Information Technology Services, the University of Chicago. To the several persons on daily duty by phone and to Bill Geraci, Office Technology Coordinator at the Divinity School, I am
pleased to express my profound gratitude. Similarly, I must thank once more Dr. Yuan Zhou, Curator of our East Asian Collections at Regenstein Library, and his able staff for their unflagging help. The Center for East Asian Studies has also been liberal in dispensing aid to even retired faculty for their ongoing scholastic needs.

  In January 2011, I was fortunate to have been able to go to the Centre for Studies of Daoist Culture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, to try out some of the ideas and issues I discussed in both the introduction and the extensive annotations of this translation at a public lecture and a few colloquia. The stimulation provided by faculty and student colleagues and by Daoist clergy was unforgettable, as was the gracious hospitality bestowed by Professor Lai Chi Tim, Chair of the University’s Department of Cultural and Religious Studies and Director of the Centre, and by the community of Fung Ying Seen Koon (Pengying Daoist Abbey in Fanling, Hong Kong).

  Finally, but for the unfailing and indulgent support of my wife Priscilla, dearest companion of nearly half a century, there would have been no revised edition of The Journey to the West.

  April 2011

  Acknowledgments, First Edition

  My thanks are due, first of all, to the National Endowment for the Humanities, which has lent me faithful assistance through its Translations Program in the Division of Research Programs. But for such generosity it is most unlikely that I would have been able to finish the last installment of the translation so quickly.

  I am fortunate to have in “Joch” Weintraub and “Chris” Gamwell two deans who are eager to provide for their faculty an enabling context. With word and deed they have given me unfailing support.

  James Cheng and Ma Tai-loi of Chicago’s Far Eastern Library have been invaluable helpers in research and the location of obscure materials. Wenching Tsien’s exquisite calligraphy validates my belief that reading footnotes can be a pleasure. Susan Fogelson has been a tireless typist and discerning critic, and Charles Hallisey has provided painstaking assistance in the preparation of the index. As was the case with volume 3, Y.W. Ma (Hawaii) gave the manuscript a thorough and searching reading, though I alone am responsible for the final version.

  As I bring this lengthy project to its completion, it is fitting for me to pay tribute to my late grandfather, who first introduced me to the wonders of this tale. It was he who, amidst the terrors of the Sino-Japanese war, gave himself unsparingly to teaching me Classical Chinese and English. By precept and example he sought to impart to a young boy his enduring love for literatures east and west. He did not labor in vain.

  Abbreviations

  Antecedents Glen Dudbridge, The “Hsi-yu chi”: A Study of Antecedents to the Sixteenth-Century Chinese Novel (Cambridge, 1970)

  Bodde Derk Bodde, Festivals in Classical China (Princeton and Hong Kong, 1975)

  BPZ Baopuzi , Neipian and Waipian. SBBY

  BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

  Campany Robert Ford Campany, To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong’s “Traditions of Divine Transcendents” (Berkeley, 2002)

  CATCL The Columbia Anthology of Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. Victor Mair (New York, 1994)

  CHC The Cambridge History of China, eds. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank (15 vols. in multiple book-length parts. Cambridge and New York, 1978–2009)

  CHCL The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, ed. Victor Mair (New York, 2001)

  CJ Anthony C. Yu, Comparative Journeys: Essays on Literature and Religion East and West (New York, 2008)

  CLEAR Chinese Literature: Essays Articles Reviews

  CQ China Quarterly

  DH Daoism Handbook, ed. Livia Kohn (Leiden, 2000)

  DHBWJ Dunhuang bianwenji , ed. Wang Zhongmin (2 vols., Beijing, 1957)

  DJDCD Daojiao da cidian , ed. Li Shuhuan (Taipei, 1981)

  DJWHCD Daojiao wenhua cidian , ed. Zhang Zhizhe (Shanghai, 1994)

  DZ Zhengtong Daozang (36 vols. Reprinted by Wenwu, 1988). Second set of numbers in JW citations refers to volume and page number.

  ET The Encyclopedia of Taoism, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio (2 vols., London and New York, 2008)

  FSZ Da Tang Da Ci’ensi Sanzang fashi zhuan , comp. Huili and Yancong . T 50, #2053. Text cited is that printed in SZZSHB.

  1592 Xinke chuxiang guanban dazi Xiyouji , ed. Huayang dongtian zhuren . Fasc. rpr. of Jinling Shidetang edition (1592) in Guben xiaoshuo jicheng , vols. 499–502 (Shanghai, 1990)

  FXDCD Foxue da cidian , comp. and ed., Ding Fubao (fasc. rpr. of 1922 ed. Beijing, 1988)

  HFTWJ Liu Ts’un-yan [Cunren] , Hefengtang wenji (3 vols., Shanghai, 1991)

  HJAS Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies

  HR History of Religions

  Herrmann Albert Hermann, An Historical Atlas of China, new ed. (Chicago, 1966)

  Hu Shi (1923) Hu Shi , “Xiyouji kaozheng ,” in Hu Shi wencun (4 vols., Hong Kong, 1962), 2: 354–99

  Hucker Charles O. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (Stanford, 1985)

  IC The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. and comp. William H. Nienhauser Jr. (Bloomington, IN, 1986)

  Isobe Isobe Akira , Saiyūki keiseishi no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1993)

  j juan

  JA Journal asiatique

  JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society

  JAS Journal of Asian Studies

  JCR Journal of Chinese Religions

  JMDJCD Jianming Daojiao cidian , comp. and ed., Huang Haide et al., (Chengdu, 1991)

  JW The Journey to the West (Refers only to the four-volume translation of Xiyouji by Anthony C. Yu published by the University of Chicago Press, 1977–1983, of which the present volume is the fourth of four in a complete revised edition.)

  Lévy André Lévy, trad., Wu Cheng’en, La Pérégrination vers l’Ouest, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (2 vols., Paris, 1991)

  Li Li Angang Piping Xiyouji (2 vols., Beijing, 2004)

  Little Stephen Little with Shawn Eichman, Daoism and the Arts of China (Art Institute of Chicago, in association with University of California Press, 2000)

  LSYYJK Lishi yuyan yanjiusuo jikan

  LWJ “Xiyouji” yanjiu lunwenji (Beijing, 1957)

  MDHYCH Gu Zhichuan , Mingdai Hanyu cihui yanjiu (Kaifeng, Henan, 2000)

  Monkey Monkey: Folk Novel of China by Wu Ch’eng-en, trans. Arthur Waley (London, 1943)

  Ōta Ōta Tatsuo , Saiyūki no kenkyū (Tokyo, 1984)

  Plaks Andrew H. Plaks, The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel (Princeton, 1987)

  Porkert Manfred Porkert, The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine: Systems of Correspondence (Cambridge, MA, 1974)

  QSC Quan Songci , ed. Tang Guizhang (5 vols., 1965; rpr. Tainan, 1975)

  QTS Quan Tangshi (12 vols., 1966; rpr. Tainan, 1974)

  Saiyūki Saiyūki , trans. Ōta Tatsuo and Torii Hi-sayasu . Chūgoku koten bungaku taikei , 31–32 (2 vols., Tokyo, 1971)

  SBBY Sibu beiyao

  SBCK Sibu congkan

  SCC Joseph Needham et al., Science and Civilisation in China (7 vols. in 27 book-length parts. Cambridge, 1954)

  Schafer Edward H. Schafer, Pacing the Void: T’ang Approaches to the Stars (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1977)

  SCTH Sancai tuhui (1609 edition)

  Soothill A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, comp. William Edward Soothill and Lewis Hodus (rpr. 1934 ed. by London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. Taipei, 1970)

  SSJZS Shisanjing zhushu (2 vols., Beijing, 1977)

  SZZSHB Tang Xuanzang Sanzang zhuanshi huibian , ed. Master Guangzhong (Taipei, 1988)

  T Taishō shinshū dai-zōkyō , eds. Takakusu Junijirō and Watanabe Kaikyoku (85 vols., Tokyo, 1934)

  TC The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the “Daozang”, eds. Kristofer Schipper and Franciscus Verellen (3 vols., Chicago, 2004)

  TP T’oung Pao

  TPGJ Taiping guangji , comp. and ed. Li Fang (5 vols., rpr. Tainan, 1975)

  TPYL T
aiping yulan , comp. and ed. Li Fang (4 vols., Beijing, 1960)

  Unschuld Paul U. Unschuld, trans. and annotated, Nan-Ching: The Classic of Difficult Issues (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1986)

  Veith Ilza Veith, trans., The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine, new ed. (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1972)

  WCESWJ Wu Cheng’en shiwenji , ed. Liu Xiuye (Shanghai, 1958).

  XMGZ Xingming guizhi , authorship attributed to an advanced student of one Yin Zhenren , in Zangwai Daoshu (36 vols., Chengdu, 1992–1994), 9: 506–95. For JW, I also consult a modern critical edition published in Taipei, 2005, with a comprehensive and learned set of annotations by Fu Fengying . The citation from this particular edition will be denominated as XMGZ-Taipei.

  XYJ Wu Cheng’en , Xiyouji (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 1954). Abbreviation refers only to this edition.

  XYJCD Xiyouji cidian , comp. and ed. Zeng Shangyan (Zhengzhou, Henan, 1994)

  XYJTY Zheng Mingli , Xiyouji tanyuan (2 vols., 1982; rpr. Taipei, 2003)

  XYJYJZL Xiyouji yanjiu zhiliao , ed. Liu Yinbo (Shanghai, 1982)

  XYJZLHB “Xiyouji” zhiliao huibian (Zhongzhou, Henan, 1983)

  YYZZ Youyang zazu (SBCK edition)

  ZYZ Zhongyao zhi (4 vols., Beijing, 1959–1961).

  Yang Yang Fengshi , Zhongguo zhengtong Daojiao da cidian (2 vols., Taipei, 1989–1992)

  Yü Chün-fang Yü, Kuan-yin: The Chinese Transformation of Avalokiteśvara (New York, 2001)

  ZHDJDCD Zhonghua Daojiao da cidian , ed. Hu Fuchen et al. (Beijing, 1995)

  Zhou Zhou Wei , Zhongguo bingqishi gao (Beijing, 1957)

  Citations from all Standard Histories, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Kaiming edition of Ershiwushi (9 vols., 1934; rpr. Taipei, 1959). Citations of text with traditional or simplified characters follow format of publications consulted.

  SEVENTY-SIX

  Mind-Spirit dwells at home, and demons revert to nature;

  Wood Mother together subdues the fiend’s true self.

  We were telling you about the Great Sage Sun, who dallied inside the belly of the old demon for quite a while until the latter dropped to the ground, hardly breathing or speaking a word. Thinking that the demon might be dead, the Great Sage released his hold somewhat on the demon’s innards, and, having caught his breath once more, the demon chief called out, “Most compassionate and merciful Bodhisattva Great Sage, Equal to Heaven!”