The Journey to the West, Revised Edition, Volume 1 Read online

  A black gauze cap on his head;

  Rhinoceros horns around his waist.4

  His head’s black gauze hat dangled pliant bands:

  His waist’s rhino horns displayed plates of gold.

  He held an ivory plaque sheathed in hallowed mist;

  He wore a silk robe circled by holy light.

  His feet put on a pair of white-soled boots

  For treading cloud and climbing fog;

  He grasped by his heart a book of life and death,

  Which determined one’s fate.

  His hair, luxuriant, flew above his ears:

  His beard fluttered and danced around his jaws.

  He was once a prime minister of Tang:

  Now he judged cases to serve Yama King.

  Taizong walked toward him, and the man, kneeling at the side of the road, said to him, “Your Majesty, please pardon your subject for neglecting to meet you at a greater distance.” “Who are you,” asked Taizong, “and for what reason did you come to meet me?” The man said, “Half a month ago, your lowly subject met in the Halls of Darkness the Dragon Ghost of the Jing River, who was filing suit against Your Majesty for having him executed after promising to save him. So the great king Qinguang of the first chamber immediately sent demon messengers to arrest you and bring you to trial before the Three Tribunes. Your subject learned of this and therefore came here to receive you. I did not expect to come late today, and I beg you to forgive me.”

  “What is your name,” said Taizong, “and what is your rank?” “When your lowly subject was alive,” said that man, “he served on Earth before the previous emperor as the district magistrate of Cizhou. Afterwards I was appointed vice president of the Board of Rites. My surname is Cui and my given name is Jue. In the Region of Darkness I hold a judgeship in the Capital of Death.” Taizong was very glad; he went forward and held out his royal hands to raise the man up, saying, “I am sorry to have inconvenienced you. Wei Zheng, who serves before my throne, has a letter for you. I’m glad that we have a chance to meet here.” The judge expressed his gratitude and asked where the letter was. Taizong took it out of his sleeve and handed it over to Cui Jue, who received it, bowing, and then opened it and read:

  Your unworthily beloved brother Wei Zheng sends with bowed head this letter to the Great Judge, my sworn brother the Honorable Mr. Cui. I recall our former goodly society, and both your voice and your countenance seem to be present with me. Several years have hastened by since I last heard your lofty discourse. I could only prepare a few vegetables and fruits to offer to you as sacrifices during the festive times of the year, though I do not know whether you have enjoyed them or not. I am grateful, however, that you have not forgotten me, and that you have revealed to me in my dreams that you, my elder brother, have ascended to an even higher office. Unfortunately, the worlds of Light and Darkness are separated by a gulf wide as the Heavens, so that we cannot meet face to face. The reason that I am writing you now is the sudden demise of my emperor, the accomplished Taizong, whose case, I suppose, will be reviewed by the Three Tribunes, so that he will certainly be given the opportunity to meet you. I earnestly beseech you to remember our friendship while you were living and grant me the small favor of allowing His Majesty to return to life. This will be a very great favor to me, for which I thank you once more.

  After reading the letter, the judge said with great delight, “The execution of the old dragon the other day by the human judge Wei is already known to your subject, who greatly admires him for this deed. I am, moreover, indebted to him for looking after my children. Since he has written such a letter now, Your Majesty need have no further concern. Your lowly subject will make certain that you will be returned to life, to ascend once more your throne of jade.” Taizong thanked him.

  As the two of them were speaking, they saw in the distance two young boys in blue robes holding banners and flags and calling out, “The King of the Underworld has an invitation for you.” Taizong went forward with Judge Cui and the two boys. He suddenly saw a huge city, and on a large plaque above the city gate was the inscription in gold letters, “The Region of Darkness, The Gate of Spirits.” Waving the banners, the blue robes led Taizong into the city. As they walked along, they saw at the side of the street the emperor’s predecessor Li Yuan, his elder brother Jiancheng, and his deceased brother Yuanji, who came toward them, shouting, “Here comes Shimin!5 Here comes Shimin!” The brothers clutched at Taizong and began beating him and threatening vengeance. Having no place to dodge, the emperor fell into their clutch; and only when Judge Cui called a blue-faced, hook-tusked demon to drive them away could he escape and continue his journey.

  They had traveled no more than a few miles when they arrived at a towering edifice with green tiles. This building was truly magnificent. You see

  Lightly ten thousand folds of colored mists pile high;

  Dimly a thousand strands of crimson brume appear.

  Heads of wild beasts rear up from the eaves aglow.

  Pairs of lambent roof tiles rise in tiers of five.

  Rows of red-gold nails bore deeply into doors;

  Crosswise, slabs of white jade make up the rails.

  Windows near the lights release morning smoke.

  The screens, the curtains, flash like fiery bolts.

  High-rising towers reach to the azure sky.

  Criss-crossing hallways join the treasure rooms.

  Fragrance from beast-shaped tripods line royal robes;

  Scarlet silk lanterns brighten the portals’ leaves.

  On the left, hordes of fierce Bull-heads stand;

  On the right, gruesome Horse-faces line up.

  Gold placards turn to greet the ghosts of the dead;

  White silk descends to lead the deceased souls.

  It bears this name: The Central Gate of Hell,

  The Darkness Hall of the Princes of Hades.

  As Taizong was looking at the place, there came from within the tinkling of girdle jade, the mysterious fragrance of divine incense, and two pairs of torch candles followed by the Ten Kings of the Underworld coming down the steps. The Ten Kings were: King Qinguang, King of the Beginning River, King of the Song Emperor, King of Avenging Ministers, King Yama, King of Equal Ranks, King of the Tai Mountain, King of City Markets, King of Complete Change, and King of the Turning Wheel. Coming out of the Treasure Hall of Darkness, they bowed to receive Taizong, who, feigning modesty, declined to lead the way. The Ten Kings said, “Your Majesty is the emperor of men in the World of Light, whereas we are but the kings of spirits in the World of Darkness. Such are indeed our appointed stations, so why should you defer to us?” “I’m afraid that I have offended all of you,” said Taizong, “so how can I dare to speak of observing the etiquette of ghosts and men, of Light and Darkness?” Only after much protestation did Taizong proceed into the Hall of Darkness. After he had greeted the Ten Kings properly, they sat down according to the places assigned to hosts and guests.

  After a little while, King Qinguang folded his hands in front of him and came forward, saying, “The Dragon Spirit of the Jing River accuses Your Majesty of having him slain after promising to save him. Why?” “I did promise him that nothing would happen,” said Taizong, “when the old dragon appealed to me in my dream at night. He was guilty, you know, and was condemned to be executed by the human judge Wei Zheng. It was to save him that I invited Wei Zheng to play chess with me, not anticipating that Wei Zheng could have performed the execution in his dream! That was indeed a miraculous stratagem devised by the human judge, and, after all, the dragon was also guilty of a mortal offense. I fail to see how I am to blame.” When the Ten Kings heard these words, they replied, bowing, “Even before that dragon was born, it was already written on the Book of Death held by the Star of South Pole that he should be slain by a human judge. We have known this all along, but the dragon lodged his complaint here and insisted that Your Majesty be brought down so that his case might be reviewed by the Three Tribunes. We have alread
y sent him on his way to his next incarnation through the Wheel of Transmigration. We regret, however, that we have caused Your Majesty the inconvenience of this journey, and we beg your pardon for pressing you to come here.”

  When they had finished speaking, they ordered the judge in charge of the Books of Life and Death to bring out the records quickly so that they could ascertain what the allotted time of the emperor was to be. Judge Cui went at once to his chamber and examined, one by one, the ages preordained for all the kings in the world that were inscribed in the books. Startled when he saw that the Great Tang Emperor Taizong of the South Jambūdvīpa Continent was destined to die in the thirteenth year of the period Zhenguan, he quickly dipped his big brush in thick ink and added two strokes6 before presenting the book. The Ten Kings took one look and saw that “thirty-three years” was written beneath the name Taizong. They asked in alarm, “How long has it been since Your Majesty was enthroned?” “It has been thirteen years,” said Taizong. “Your Majesty need have no worry,” said King Yama, “for you still have twenty years of life. Now that your case has been clearly reviewed, we can send you back to the World of Light.” When Taizong heard this, he bowed to express his gratitude as the Ten Kings ordered Judge Cui and Grand Marshal Chu to accompany him back to life.

  Taizong walked out of the Hall of Darkness and asked, saluting the Ten Kings once again, “What’s going to happen to those living in my palace?” “Everyone will be safe,” said the Ten Kings, “except your younger sister. It appears that she will not live long.” “When I return to the World of Light,” said Taizong, bowing again to thank them, “I have very little that I can present you as a token of my gratitude. Perhaps I can send you some melons or other kinds of fruit?” Delighted, the Ten Kings said, “We have eastern and western melons here, but we lack southern melons.”7 “The moment I get back,” said Taizong, “I shall send you some.” They bowed to each other with hands folded, and parted.

  The marshal took the lead, holding a flag for guiding souls, while Judge Cui followed behind to protect Taizong. They walked out of the Region of Darkness, and Taizong saw that it was not the same road. He asked the judge, “Are we going on the wrong way?” “No,” said the judge, “for this is how it is in the Region of Darkness: there is away for you to come, but there is no way out. Now we must send Your Majesty off from the region of the Wheel of Transmigration, so that you can make a tour of Hell as well as be sent on your way to reincarnation.” Taizong had little alternative but to follow their lead.

  They had gone only a few miles when they came upon a tall mountain. Dark clouds touched the ground around it, and black mists shrouded the sky. “Mr. Cui,” said Taizong, “what mountain is this?” The judge said, “It’s the Mountain of Perpetual Shade in the Region of Darkness.” “How can we go there?” asked Taizong fearfully. “Your Majesty need not worry,” said the judge, “for your subjects are here to guide you.” Shaking and quaking, Taizong followed the two of them and ascended the slope. He raised his head to look around and saw that

  Its shape was both craggy and curvate,

  And its form was even more tortuous.

  Rugged like the Shu peaks;8

  Tall like the Lu summits;

  It was not a famed mountain in the World of Light,

  But a treacherous place in the Region of Darkness.

  Thickets of thorns sheltered monsters;

  Tiers of stone ridges harbored demons.

  No sound of fowl or beast came to one’s ears;

  Only ghosts or griffins walked before one’s eyes.

  The howling cold wind;

  The endless black mist—

  The howling cold wind was the huffing of infernal hosts;

  The endless black mist was the puffing of demonic troops.

  There was no scenic splendor though one looked high and low;

  All was desolation when one stared left and right.

  At that place there were mountains

  And peaks,

  And summits,

  And caves,

  And streams;

  Only no grass grew on the mountains;

  No peaks punctured the sky;

  No travelers scaled the summits;

  No caves ever harbored the clouds;

  No water flowed in the streams.

  They were all specters on the shores,

  And bogies beneath the cliffs.

  The phantoms huddled in the caves,

  And lost souls hid on stream-floors.

  All around the mountain,

  Bull-heads and Horse-faces wildly clamored;

  Half hidden and half in sight,

  Hungry ghosts and needy souls often wept.

  The judge in quest of souls,

  In haste and fury delivered his summons;

  The guard who chased the spirits,

  Snorted and shouted to present his papers.

  The Swift of Foot:

  A boiling cyclone!

  The Soul Snatcher:

  A spreading dark mist!

  Had he not trusted in the judge’s protection, Taizong would have never made it across this Mountain of Perpetual Shade.

  As they proceeded, they came to a place where there were many halls and chambers; everywhere they turned, melancholy cries blasted their ears and grotesque sights struck terror in their hearts. “What is this place?” asked Taizong again. “The Eighteenfold Hell behind the Mountain of Perpetual Shade,” said the judge. “What is that?” said Taizong. The judge replied, “Listen to what I have to say:

  The Hell of the Rack,

  The Hell of Gloomy Guilt,

  The Hell of the Fiery Pit:

  All such sorrow,

  All such desolation,

  Are caused by a thousand sins committed in the life before;

  They all come to suffer after they die.

  The Hell of Hades,

  The Hell of Tongue-Pulling,

  The Hell of Skin-Shredding:

  All those weeping and wailing,

  All those pining and mourning,

  Await the traitors, the rebels, and the Heaven baiters;

  He of Buddha-mouth and serpent-heart will end up here.

  The Hell of Grinding,

  The Hell of Pounding,

  The Hell of Crushing;

  With frayed skin and torn flesh,

  Gaping mouths and grinding teeth,

  These are they who cheat and lie to work injustice,

  Who fawn and flatter to deceive.

  The Hell of Ice,

  The Hell of Mutilation,

  The Hell of Evisceration:

  With grimy face and matted hair,

  Knitted brow and doleful look,

  These are they who fleece the simple with weights unjust,

  And so bring ruin upon themselves.

  The Hell of Boiling Oil,

  The Hell of Grim Darkness,

  The Hell of the Sword Mountain:

  They shake and quake;

  They sorrow and pine:

  For oppressing the righteous by violence and fraud

  They now must cower in their lonely pain.

  The Hell of the Pool of Blood,

  The Hell of Avīci.9

  The Hell of Scales and Weights:

  All the skins peeled and bones exposed,

  The limbs cut and the tendons severed,

  Are caused by murder stemming from greed,

  The taking of life of both humans and beasts.

  Their fall has no reversal in a thousand years—

  Eternal perdition without release.

  Each is firmly bound and tightly tied,

  Shackled by both ropes and cords.

  The slightest move brings on the Red-hair demons,

  The Black-face demons,

  With long spears and sharp swords;

  The Bull-head demons,

  The Horse-face demons,

  With iron spikes and bronze gavels,

  They strike till faces contort and blood flows down
,

  But cries to Earth and Heaven find no response.

  So it is that man ought not his own conscience betray,

  For gods have knowledge, who could get away?

  Thus vice and virtue will at last be paid:

  It differs only in coming soon or late.”

  When Taizong heard these words, he was terror-stricken. They went on for a little while and came upon a group of demon soldiers, each holding banners and flags and kneeling beside the road. “The Guards of the Bridges have come to receive you,” they said. The judge ordered them to make way and proceeded to lead Taizong across a golden bridge. Looking to one side, Taizong saw another silver bridge, on which there were several travelers who seemed to be persons of principle and rectitude, justice and honesty. They too were led by banners and flags. On the other side was another bridge, with icy wind churning around it and bloody waves seething below. The continuous sound of weeping and wailing could be heard. “What is the name of that bridge?” asked Taizong. “Your Majesty,” said the judge, “it is the No-Option Bridge. When you reach the World of Light, you must have this recorded for posterity. For below the bridge there is nothing but

  A vast body of surging water;

  A strait and treacherous path;

  Like bales of raw silk flowing down the Long River,

  Or the Pit of Fire floating up to Earth,

  This cold air, oppressive, this bone-piercing chill;

  This foul stench both irksome and nauseous.

  The waves roll and swirl;

  No boat comes or goes to ferry men across;

  With naked feet and tangled hair

  Those moving here and there are all damned spirits.

  The bridge is a few miles long

  But only three spans wide.

  Its height measures a hundred feet;

  Below, a thousand fathoms deep.

  On top are no railways for hands to hold;

  Beneath you have man-seizing savage fiends